Redigerer Shen Kuo

{{infoboks biografi}}
'''Shen Kuo''' eller '''Shen Gua''' ([[kinesisk]]: 沈括, [[pinyin]]: ''Shěn Kuò''; [[Wade-Giles]]: ''Shen K'uo'', [[stilnavn]] ''Cunzhong'' (存中) og [[psevdonym]] ''Mengqi Weng'' / ''Menxi Weng'' 夢溪翁; født [[1031]] i [[Hangzhou|Qiantang]] i [[Kina]], død [[1095]] i [[Runzhou]]/[[Zhenjiang]]) var en kinesisk [[mandarin (embedsmann)|mandarin]] og medlem av [[Hanlin-akademiet]] under [[Song-dynastiet]]. Han var en [[polyhistor]] som utmerket seg som naturvitenskapsmann, matematiker, geolog, feltherre, diplomat og oppfinner av  [[kompass]]et. Han gjelder for å være Song-tidens fremste vitenskapsmann.

==Liv og virke==
Shen ble oppdratt klassisk og bestod [[de kinesiske embedseksamener]] og nådde doktorgraden ''[[Embetsmannskandidat på provinsnivå|jinshi]]''.

Han ble leder for det keiserlige akademis skrivere og skattmester. Det tillå hans embedsplikter å holde orden på kanal- og dikearbeidene ved elvene Shuhe og Bianhe.

Senere dro han til [[Runzhou]] (i [[Zhenjiang]]) i provinsen [[Jiangsu]], der han foretok vitenskapelige studier i Mengxi-haven. I et verk på 30 bind, kalt ''[[Meng Xi Bi Tan]]'' (drømmeessayene) befattet han seg med [[matematikk]], [[astronomi]], [[geografi]], [[geologi]], [[mineralogi]], [[kjemi]], [[fysikk]], [[metallurgi]], [[meteorologi]], vannvesen, [[Tradisjonell kinesisk medisin|medisin]], [[arkitektur]], [[biologi]] og [[jordbruk]].

Han oppdaget at kompassnålen ikke pekte mot den geografiske nordpol, men mot den magnetiske nordpol, og at man ved korrekturtabell kunne benytte kompasset bedre i skipsfarten.

På geologiens område utviklet han en hypotese om jordformasjonenes tilblivelse og [[sedimentering]], på grunnlag av funn av [[fossil]]iserte sjøsnegler mange hundre kilometer fra havet.

Han beskjeftiget seg med [[Buddhismen|buddhist]]munken [[Yi Xing]] (672-717) fra [[Tang-dynastiet]]s tid. Han hadde utviklet et desimalfritt tallsystem som fungerte også i meget store beregninger.

== Referanser ==
<references/>

== Litteratur ==

* Anderson, James A. (2008). "'Treacherous Factions': Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino-Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War," in ''Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period'', 191–226. Edited by Don J. Wyatt. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6084-9.
* Barnhart, Richard. "Marriage of the Lord of the River: A Lost Landscape by Tung Yüan," ''Artibus Asiae. Supplementum'' (Volume 27, 1970): 3–5, 7, 9, 11–60.
* Biderman, Shlomo and Ben-Ami Scharfstein. (1989). ''Rationality in Question: On Eastern and Western Views of Rationality''. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09212-9.
* Bielenstein, Hans. (1986). "Wang Mang, the Restoration of the Han Dynasty, and Later Han," in ''The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220'', 223–290. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
* [[Derk Bodde|Bodde, Derk]] (1991). ''Chinese Thought, Society, and Science: The Intellectual and Social Background of Science and Technology in Pre-modern China''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1334-5
* Bowman, John S. (2000). ''Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture''. New York: Columbia University Press.
* Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002). ''Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine''. Singapore: Singapore University Press. ISBN 9971-69-259-7
* Cherniack, Susan. "Book Culture and Textual Transmission in Sung China," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' (Volume 54, Number 1, 1994): 5–125.
* Chung, Anita. (2004). ''Drawing Boundaries: Architectural Images in Qing China''. Manoa: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-2663-9.
* Crespigny, Rafe de. (2007). ''A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)''. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 90-04-15605-4.
* Deng, Yinke. (2005). ''Ancient Chinese Inventions''. Translated by Wang Pingxing. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. ISBN 7-5085-0837-8.
* [[Adrian Desmond|Desmond, Adrian]]. "The Discovery of Marine Transgressions and the Explanation of Fossils in Antiquity," ''American Journal of Science'', 1975, Volume 275: 692–707.
* Dong, Paul. (2000). ''China's Major Mysteries: Paranormal Phenomena and the Unexplained in the People's Republic''. San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc. ISBN 0-8351-2676-5.
* [[Ebrey, Patricia Buckley]], Anne Walthall, and James B. Palais (2006). ''East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4.
* Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). ''The Cambridge Illustrated History of China''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43519-6 (hardback); ISBN 0-521-66991-X (paperback).
* Elisseeff, Vadime. (2000). ''The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce''. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-57181-222-9.
* Embree, Ainslie T. and [[Carol Gluck]] (1997). ''Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching''. New York: An East Gate Book, M. E. Sharpe Inc. ISBN 1-56324-265-6.
* Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992). ''China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition'' (2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01828-1.
* Fan, Dainian and Robert Sonné Cohen (1996). ''Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology''. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-3463-9
* Fraser, Julius Thomas and Francis C. Haber. (1986). ''Time, Science, and Society in China and the West''. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-495-1.
* Gernet, Jacques. (1996). ''A History of Chinese Civilization''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49781-7.
* Hargett, James M. "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960–1279)," ''Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews'' (CLEAR) (July 1985): 67–93.
* Hartman, Charles. "Poetry and Politics in 1079: The Crow Terrace Poetry Case of Su Shih," ''Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR)'' (Volume 12, 1990): 15–44.
* Hartwell, Robert. "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry," ''The Journal of Economic History'' (Volume 26, Number 1, 1966): 29–58.
* Henderson, John B. "Ch'ing Scholars' Views of Western Astronomy," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' (Volume 46, Number 1, 1986): 121–148.
* Hsu, Mei-ling. "Chinese Marine Cartography: Sea Charts of Pre-Modern China," ''Imago Mundi'' (Volume 40, 1988): 96–112.
* Huff, Toby E. (2003). ''The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52994-8.
* Hymes, Robert P. and Conrad Schirokauer (1993). ''Ordering the World: Approaches to State and Society in Sung Dynasty China''. Berkeley: University of California Press.
* Katz, Victor J. (2007). ''The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook''. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11485-4.
* Kim, Yung Sik. (2000). ''The Natural Philosophy of Chu Hsi (1130–1200)''. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 0-87169-235-X.
* Li, Chu-Tsing. "The Autumn Colors on the Ch'iao and Hua Mountains: A Landscape by Chao Meng-Fu," ''Artibus Asiae'' (Volume 21, 1965):  4–7, 9–85, 87, 89–109.
* Li, Chu-Tsing. "A Thousand Peaks and Myriad Ravines: Chinese Paintings in the Charles A. Drenowatz Collection," ''Artibus Asiae'' (Volume 30, 1974): I-XI, 1–5, 7–49, 51–79, 81–133, 135–161, 163–199, 201–217, 219–289, 291–301, 303–319, I-CV, CVII-CXIV.
* Lian, Xianda. "The Old Drunkard Who Finds Joy in His Own Joy -Elitist Ideas in Ouyang Xiu's Informal Writings," ''Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR)'' (Volume 23, 2001): 1–29.
* Menzies, Nicholas K. (1994). ''Forest and Land Management in Imperial China''. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc. ISBN 0-312-10254-2.
* Mohn, Peter (2003). ''Magnetism in the Solid State: An Introduction''. New York: Springer-Verlag Inc. ISBN 3-540-43183-7.
* [[Joseph Needham|Needham, Joseph]] (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
* Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
* Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics''. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
* Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
* Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1: Paper and Printing''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
* Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
* Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1: Botany''. Taipei, Caves Books Ltd.
* Parker, Joseph D. (1999). Zen Buddhist Landscape Arts of Early Muromachi Japan (1336–1573). Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-3909-7.
* Restivo, Sal. (1992). ''Mathematics in Society and History: Sociological Inquiries''. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-0039-1.
* Ropp, Paul S. (1990). ''Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese History''. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06440-9
* [[Abdus Salam|Salam, Abdus]] (1984), "Islam and Science" in C. H. Lai (1987), ''Ideals and Realities: Selected Essays of Abdus Salam, 2nd ed.'', World Scientific, Singapore.
* Rudolph, R.C. "Preliminary Notes on Sung Archaeology," ''The Journal of Asian Studies'' (Volume 22, Number 2, 1963): 169–177.
* Ruitenbeek, Klaas. (1996). ''Carpentry & Building in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Fifteenth Century Carpenter's Manual Lu Ban Jing''. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-10529-8.
* Sarkar, Tapan K., Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Dipak L. Sengupta. (2006). "Development of the Theory of Light," in ''History of Wireless'', 20–28. Edited by Tapan K. Sarkar, Robert J. Mailloux, Arthur A. Oliner, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Dipak L. Sengupta. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 0-471-78301-3.
* [[Nathan Sivin|Sivin, Nathan]] (1995). ''Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections''. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing.
* Sivin, Nathan. (1984). "[http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~nsivin/scirev.pdf Why the Scientific Revolution Did Not Take Place in China—Or Didn't It?]" in ''Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences: Essays in Honor of I. Bernard Cohen'', 531–555, ed. Everett Mendelsohn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52485-7.
* Sivin, Nathan. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120324024938/http://www.dahsm.medschool.ucsf.edu/history/IntroCourseIPDF/Sivin_ChineseMedicine.pdf Science and Medicine in Imperial China—The State of the Field]," ''The Journal of Asian Studies'', Vol. 47, No. 1 (Feb., 1988): 41–90.
* Stanley-Baker, Joan. "The Development of Brush-Modes in Sung and Yüan," ''Artibus Asiae'' (Volume 39, Number 1, 1977): 13–59.
* Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1997). ''Liao Architecture''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
* Stock, Jonathan. "A Historical Account of the Chinese Two-Stringed Fiddle Erhu," ''The Galpin Society Journal'' (Volume 46, 1993): 83–113.
* Sung, Tz’u, translated by Brian E. McKnight (1981). ''The Washing Away of Wrongs: Forensic Medicine in Thirteenth-Century China''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-89264-800-7
* Tao, Jie, Zheng Bijun and Shirley L. Mow. (2004). ''Holding Up Half the Sky: Chinese Women Past, Present, and Future''. New York: Feminist Press. ISBN 1-55861-465-6.
* Temple, Robert. (1986). ''The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention''. With a forward by Joseph Needham. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-62028-2.
* Wu, Kuang Ch'ing. "Ming Printing and Printers," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' (February 1943): 203–260.
* Yao, Xinzhong. (2003). ''RoutledgeCurzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism: Volume 2, O–Z''. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1199-6.
* Zhang, Yunming (1986). ''Isis: The History of Science Society: Ancient Chinese Sulfur Manufacturing Processes''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. {{Cref|h}}

{{Autoritetsdata}}

[[Kategori:Mandariner]]
[[Kategori:Polyhistorer]]
[[Kategori:Kinesiske encyklopedister]]
[[Kategori:Kinesiske oppfinnere]]
[[Kategori:Kinesiske matematikere]]
[[Kategori:Kinesiske geologer]]
[[Kategori:Mineraloger]]
[[Kategori:Kinesiske geografer]]
[[Kategori:Kinesiske ingeniører]]
[[Kategori:Kartografer]]
[[Kategori:Meteorologer]]
[[Kategori:Personer fra Hangzhou]]