Redigerer Psykose (avsnitt)

==Årsaker==
Årsaker til symptomer på psykiske lidelser ble vanligvis klassifisert som «[[organisk]]e» eller «funksjonelle». Organiske forhold er primært [[medisinsk]]e eller [[patofysiologi]]ske, mens funksjonelle forhold primært er [[psykiatri]]sk eller [[psykologi]]sk betinget. [[DSM-IV]]-TR klassifiserer ikke lenger psykotiske lidelser som funksjonelle eller organiske. I stedet beskriver den tradisjonelle psykotiske lidelser, psykose som skyldes generelle medisinske forhold, og substansindusert psykose.

===Psykiatriske===
Funksjonelle årsaker til psykose omfatter følgende:

*[[schizofreni]], schizofreniform lidelse, [[schizoaffektiv lidelse]], 
*[[bipolar lidelse]] (manisk depresjon) 
*alvorlig klinisk [[depresjon]]
*alvorlig psykososialt stress
*søvnmangel
*eksponering for traumatisk hendelse (voldelig død, etc.)

En psykotisk episode kan bli betydelig påvirket av stemningsleie. For eksempel kan mennesker som får en psykotisk episode i sammenheng med depresjon oppleve vrangforestillinger eller hallusinasjoner om forfølgelse eller selv-kritikk, mens mennesker som opplever en psykotisk episode i sammenheng med mani, kan danne grandiose vrangforestillinger. 

Stress er kjent for å bidra til og kunne utløse psykotiske tilstander. En historie med psykologisk traumatiske hendelser, og nylig opplevelse av en stressende hendelse, kan både bidra til og forårsake utvikling av psykose. Kortvarig psykose utløst av stress er kjent som kort reaktiv psykose, og pasienter kan spontant gjenopprette normal fungering innen to uker.<ref name="Jaunch_1988">{{cite journal |last=Jauch |first=D. A. |coauthors=William T. Carpenter, Jr. |year=1988 |month=februar |title=Reactive psychosis. I. Does the pre-DSM-III concept define a third psychosis? |journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |volume=176 |issue=2 |pages=72–81 | pmid = 3276813 |doi=10.1097/00005053-198802000-00002}}</ref> I noen sjeldne tilfeller kan enkeltpersoner forbli i en tilstand av alvorlig psykose i mange år, eller ha milde psykotiske symptomer (for eksempel hallusinasjoner med lav intensitet) tilstede det meste av tiden. 

Søvndeprivasjon har vært knyttet til psykose.<ref name="sleep_dep1">{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Verinder |coauthors=Dwight Mazmanian |year=2003 |month=april |title=Sleep loss and postpartum psychosis |journal=Bipolar Disorders |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=98–105 |pmid=12680898 |doi=10.1034/j.1399-5618.2003.00015.x |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1398-5647&date=2003&volume=5&issue=2&spage=98 |accessdate=2006-09-27 }}{{Død lenke|dato=april 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref name="sleep_dep2">{{cite journal |last=Chan-Ob |first=T. |coauthors=V. Boonyanaruthee |year=1999 |month=september |title=Meditation in association with psychosis |journal=Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand |volume=82 |issue=9 |pages=925–930 | pmid = 10561951}}</ref><ref name="sleep_dep3">{{cite journal |last=Devillieres |first=P. |coauthors=M. Opitz, P. Clervoy, and J. Stephany |year=1996 |month=mai–juni |title=[Delusion and sleep deprivation] |journal=L'Encéphale |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=229–31 | pmid = }}</ref> Dette er imidlertid ikke en risiko for folk flest som kun har uvanlige sensoriske opplevelser eller tanker som vises under oppvåkning eller ved innsovning. Dette er normale søvnfenomener og blir ikke sett på som tegn på psykose.<ref name="Ohayon_et_al_1996">{{cite journal |last=Ohayon |first=M. M. |coauthors=R. G. Priest, M. Caulet, and C. Guilleminault |year=1996 |month=oktober |title=Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: pathological phenomena? |journal=[[British Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=169 |issue=4 |pages=459–67 | pmid = 8894197 |doi=10.1192/bjp.169.4.459 |url=http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=linkout&SEARCH=8894197.ui |accessdate=2006-10-21}}</ref> 

===Generelle medisinske===
Psykose som følge av «organiske» (ikke-psykologiske) forhold er kjent som '''sekundær psykose''' . Det kan være forbundet med følgende patologi:
*nevrologiske lidelser, inkludert:
**[[hjernesvulst]]<ref name="Brain_tumor">{{cite journal |last=Lisanby |first=S. H. |coauthors= C. Kohler, C. L. Swanson, and R. E. Gur |year=1998 |month=januar |title=Psychosis Secondary to Brain Tumor |journal=Seminars in clinical neuropsychiatry |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=12–22 | pmid = 10085187 }}</ref> 
**demens med Lewy legemer<ref name="DLB">{{cite journal |last=McKeith |first=Ian G. |year=2002 |month=februar |title=Dementia with Lewy bodies |journal=[[British Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=180 |pages=144–7 | pmid = 11823325 |doi= 10.1192/bjp.180.2.144}}</ref> 
**[[multippel sklerose]]<ref name="multiple_sclerosis">{{cite journal |last=Rodriguez Gomez |first=Diego |coauthors=Elvira Gonzalez Vazquez and Óscar Perez Carral |date=16.–31. august 2005 |title=Psicosis aguda como inicio de esclerosis multiple / Acute psychosis as the presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis / Psicose aguda como inicio de esclerose multipla |journal=Revista de Neurología |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=255–6 | pmid = 16075405 |url=http://www.revneurol.com/LinkOut/formMedLine.asp?Refer=2005320&Revista=RevNeurol |accessdate=2006-09-27}}</ref> 
**sarkoidose<ref name="Sarcoidosis">{{cite journal |last=Bona |first=Joseph R. |coauthors=Sondralyn M. Fackler, Morris J. Fendley and Charles B. Nemeroff |date=1. august 1998 |title=Neurosarcoidosis as a Cause of Refractory Psychosis: A Complicated Case Report |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=155 |issue=8 |pages=1106–8 |pmid=9699702 |url=http://www.ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/155/8/1106 |accessdate=2006-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228121633/http://www.ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/155/8/1106 |url-status=dead }} {{Kilde www |url=http://www.ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/155/8/1106 |tittel=Arkivert kopi |besøksdato=2010-09-13 |arkiv-dato=2007-02-28 |arkiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228121633/http://www.ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/155/8/1106 |url-status=yes }}</ref>
**
**syfilis<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kararizou E, Mitsonis C, Dimopoulos N, Gkiatas K, Markou I, Kalfakis N |title=Psychosis or simply a new manifestation of neurosyphilis? |journal=J. Int. Med. Res. |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=335–7 |date=2006 |pmid=16866029 |url=http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/nlm?genre=article&issn=0300-0605&volume=34&issue=3&spage=335&aulast=Kararizou }}{{død lenke|dato=juli 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Brooke D, Jamie P, Slack R, Sulaiman M, Tyrer P |title=Neurosyphilis—a treatable psychosis |journal=Br J Psychiatry |volume=151 |issue= |pages=556 |year=1987 |month=oktober |pmid=3447677 |doi=10.1192/bjp.151.4.556}}</ref> 
**[[Alzheimers sykdom]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lesser JM, Hughes S |title=Psychosis-related disturbances. Psychosis, agitation, and disinhibition in Alzheimer's disease: definitions and treatment options |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geriatrics_2006-12_61_12/page/14 |journal=Geriatrics |volume=61 |issue=12 |pages=14–20 |year=2006 |month=desember |pmid=17184138 }}</ref> 
**[[Parkinsons sykdom]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wedekind S |title=[Depressive syndrome, psychoses, dementia: frequent manifestations in Parkinson disease] |language=tysk |journal=MMW Fortschr Med |volume=147 |issue=22 |pages=11 |year=2005 |month=juni |pmid=15977623 }}</ref>
**anti-NMDA reseptor encefalitt<ref name="pmid">{{cite journal |author=Nasky KM, Knittel DR, Manos GH |title=Psychosis associated with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies |journal=[[CNS Spectr]] |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=699–703 |year=2008 |month=august |pmid= |doi= |url=http://www.cnsspectrums.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=1677}}</ref>

*elektrolyttforstyrrelser som: 
**hypokalsemi<ref name="Rossman_1956">{{cite journal |last=Rossman |first=Phillip L. |coauthors=Robert M. Vock |year=1956 |month=september |title=Postpartum Tetany and Psychosis Due to Hypocalcemia |journal=California Medicine |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=190–3 | pmid = 13356186 |pmc=1531921 |accessdate=2006-10-16 }}</ref> 
**hypernatremi<ref name="Jana_1973">{{cite journal |last=Jana |first=D. K. |coauthors=L. Romano-Jana |year=1973 |month=oktober |title=Hypernatremic psychosis in the elderly: case reports |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1973-10_21_10/page/473 |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=473–7 | pmid = 4729012}}</ref> 
**hyponatremi<ref name="Haensch_et_al_1996">{{cite journal |last=Haensch |first=C. A. |coauthors=G. Hennen and J. Jorg |year=1996 |month=april |title=[Reversible exogenous psychosis in thiazide-induced hyponatremia of 97 mmol/l] |journal=Der Nervenarzt |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=319–22 | pmid = 8684511}}</ref> 
**hypokalemi<ref name="Hafez_et_al_1984">{{cite journal |last=Hafez |first=H. |coauthors=J. S. Strauss, M. D. Aronson, and C. Holt |year=1984 |month=juni |title=Hypokalemia-induced psychosis in a chronic schizophrenic patient |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=277–9 | pmid = 6725222}}</ref>
**hypomagnesemi<ref name="Konstantakos_2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1122.htm |title=Hypomagnesemia |accessdate=16. oktober 2006 |last=Konstantakos |first=Anastasios K. |coauthors=Enrique Grisoni |date=25. mai 2006 |work=eMedicine |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> 
**hypermagnesemi<ref name="Velasco_et_al_1999">{{cite journal |last=Velasco |first=P. Joel |coauthors=Manoochehr Manshadi, Kevin Breen, and Steven Lippmann |date=1. desember 1999 |title=Psychiatric Aspects of Parathyroid Disease |journal=Psychosomatics |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=486–90 |pmid=10581976 |url=http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/6/486 |accessdate=2006-10-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20030712092023/http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/6/486 |archivedate=2003-07-12 |tittel=Arkivert kopi |besøksdato=2006-10-17 |arkivurl=https://archive.today/20030712092023/http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/6/486 |arkivdato=2003-07-12 |url-status=død }}</ref> 
**hyperkalsemi<ref name="Rosenthal_et_al_1997">{{cite journal |last=Rosenthal |first=M. |coauthors=I. Gil and B. Habot |year=1997 |title=Primary hyperparathyroidism: neuropsychiatric manifestations and case report |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_israel-journal-of-psychiatry-and-related-sciences_1997_34_2/page/122 |journal=Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=122–125 | pmid = 9231574}}</ref> 
**hypofosfatemi<ref name="Nanji_1984">{{cite journal |last=Nanji |first=A. A. |year=1984 |month=november |title=The psychiatric aspect of hypophosphatemia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-psychiatry_1984-11_29_7/page/599 |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=599–600 | pmid = 6391648}}</ref> 
*hypoglykemi<ref name="hypoglycemia">{{cite journal |last=Padder |first=Tanveer |coauthors=Aparna Udyawar, Nouman Azhar, and Kamil Jaghab |year=2005 |month=desember |title=Acute Hypoglycemia Presenting as Acute Psychosis |journal=Psychiatry online |url=http://www.priory.com/psych/hypg.htm |accessdate=2006-09-27}}</ref>
*lupus<ref name="Lupus_Psychosis_India">{{cite journal |last=Robert |first=M. |coauthors=R. Sunitha, and N. K. Thulaseedharan |date=1. mars 2006|title=Neuropsychiatric manifestations systemic lupus erythematosus: A study from South India |journal=Neurology India |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=75–7 | pmid = 16679649 |url=http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2006;volume=54;issue=1;spage=75;epage=77;aulast=Robert |accessdate=2006-09-29 |doi=10.4103/0028-3886.24713 }}</ref> 
*[[aids]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Dwight L. |coauthors=Karen I. Mason, Jane Leserman, Russell Bauer And John Petitto |editor=Kenneth L Davis, Dennis Charney, Joseph T Coyle, Charles Nemeroff |title=Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress |url=http://www.acnp.org/default.aspx?Page=5thGenerationChapters |accessdate=2006-10-16 |edition=5th |date=2002-02-01 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0-7817-2837-1 |pages=1281–1301 |chapter=Chapter 90: Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of HIV-1 Infection and AIDS |chapterurl=http://www.acnp.org/g4/GN401000149/CH146.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019184938/http://www.acnp.org/default.aspx?Page=5thGenerationChapters |archivedate=2006-10-19 |tittel=Arkivert kopi |besøksdato=2006-10-16 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019184938/http://www.acnp.org/default.aspx?Page=5thGenerationChapters |arkivdato=2006-10-19 |url-status=død }} {{Kilde www |url=http://www.acnp.org/default.aspx?Page=5thGenerationChapters |tittel=Arkivert kopi |besøksdato=2010-09-13 |arkiv-dato=2006-10-19 |arkiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019184938/http://www.acnp.org/default.aspx?Page=5thGenerationChapters |url-status=yes }}</ref> 
*lepra<ref name="Lowinger_1959">{{cite journal |last=Lowinger |first=Paul |year=1959 |month=juli |title=Leprosy And Psychosis |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=32–37 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.116.1.32 |pmid=13661445 |url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/1/32 |accessdate=2006-10-17 |doi_brokendate=2008-06-25 |archivedate=2008-12-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222082412/http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/1/32 }}</ref><ref name="Ponomareff_1965">{{cite journal |last=Ponomareff |first=G. L. |year=1965 |month=juni |title=Phenomenology Of Delusions In A Case Of Leprosy |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=121 |issue=12 |pages=1211 |pmid=14286061 |url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/121/12/1211 |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-10-17 |archivedate=2008-12-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222083457/http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/121/12/1211 }}</ref>
*[[malaria]]<ref name="Tilluckdharry_et_al_1996">{{cite journal |last=Tilluckdharry |first=C. C. |coauthors=D. D. Chaddee, R. Doon, and J. Nehall |year=1996 |month=mars |title=A case of vivax malaria presenting with psychosis |journal=West Indian Medical Journal |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=39–40 | pmid = 8693739}}</ref> 

Psykose kan også være forårsaket av tilsynelatende ufarlige lidelser som [[influensa]]<ref name="Steinberg_et_al_1959">{{cite journal |last=Steinberg |first=D. |coauthors=S. R. Hirsch, S. D. Marston, K. Reynolds, and R. N. Sutton |year=1972 |month=mai |title=Influenza infection causing manic psychosis |journal=[[British Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=120 |issue=558 |pages=531–535 | pmid = 5041533 |doi=10.1192/bjp.120.558.531}}</ref><ref name="Maurizi_1985">{{cite journal |last=Maurizi |first=C. P. |year=1985 |month=februar |title=Influenza and mania: a possible connection with the locus ceruleus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southern-medical-journal_1985-02_78_2/page/207 |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=207–209 | pmid = 3975719}}</ref> eller [[kusma]].<ref name="Keddie_1965">{{cite journal |last=Keddie |first=K. M. |year=1965 |month=august |title=Toxic psychosis following mumps |journal=[[British Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=111 |pages=691–696 | pmid = 14337417 |doi=10.1192/bjp.111.477.691}}</ref>

===Bruk av psykoaktive stoffer===
Forskjellige psykoaktive stoffer (både lovlige og ulovlige) har vært involvert i å forårsake, forverre, og / eller fremskynde psykotiske tilstander og / eller lidelser hos brukere.

===Reseptbelagte medisiner===
Enkelte medisiner som bromokriptin og fenylpropanolamin kan forårsake eller forverre psykotiske symptomer.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lake CR, Masson EB, Quirk RS. |year=1988 |title=Psychiatric side effects attributed to phenylpropanolamine |journal=Pharmacopsychiatry |volume=21|pages=171–81 |pmid=3060884 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-1014671 |issue=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Boyd, Alan |year=1995 |title=Bromocriptine and psychosis: A literature review |journal=Psychiatric Quarterly |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=87–95 |doi=10.1007/BF02238717 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/y42v466374524k1m/ |accessdate=2008-09-06 |pmid=7701022 |archivedate=2020-05-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511103132/http://www.springerlink.com/content/y42v466374524k1m/ }}</ref>