Redigerer Guernica (maleri) (avsnitt)

== Overlevering til det demokratiske Spania ==

Så tidlig som 1968 hadde [[Francisco Franco|Franco]] ytret interesse for å få bildet til Spania. Men Picasso nektet å tillate dette før Spania igjen ble en demokratisk republikk. I 1975, to år etter Picassos egen død i 1973, døde også Franco, og Spania ble omgjort til et demokratisk, konstitusjonelt monarki, ratifisert av en ny spansk grunnlov i 1978. Men MOMA var ikke uten videre villig til å gi fra seg en av sine største skatter, og argumenterte med at et konstitusjonelt monarki ikke svarte til den republikken Picasso hadde stilt som betingelse i sitt testamente. I 1981 ga Museum of Modern Art likevel etter for et massivt press, og utleverte bildet til den nye, demokratiske spanske staten.

I Spania ble bildet først utstilt i et anneks til [[Museo del Prado|Prado]]-museet i [[Madrid]], inntil det i 1992 ble overført til et spesialbygd galleri i [[Museo Reina Sofía|Museet «dronning Sofias kunstsenter»]]. I tilstøtende saler finnes flere malerier som regnes som forstudier til hovedverket.
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As early as 1968, Franco had expressed an interest in having ''Guernica'' return to Spain.<ref name="timeline" /> However, Picasso refused to allow this until the Spanish people again enjoyed a [[republic]]. He later added other conditions, such as the restoration of "public liberties and democratic institutions". Picasso died in 1973. Franco, ten years Picasso's junior, died two years later, in 1975. After Franco's death, Spain was transformed into a [[democracy|democratic]] [[constitutional monarchy]], ratified by [[Spanish Constitution of 1978|a new constitution]] in 1978. However, MOMA were reluctant to give up one of their greatest treasures and argued that a constitutional monarchy did not represent the republic that had been stipulated in Picasso's will as a condition for the painting's return. Under great pressure from a number of observers, MOMA finally ceded the painting to Spain in 1981.
The Spanish historian [[Javier Tusell]] was one of the negotiators.



''Guernica'' depicts suffering people, animals, and buildings wrenched by violence and chaos.

*The overall scene is within a room, where, at an open end on the left, a wide-eyed bull stands over a woman grieving over a dead child in her arms.

*The center is occupied by a horse falling in agony as it had just been run through by a spear or javelin. The shape of a human skull forms the horse's nose and upper teeth.

*Two "hidden" images formed by the horse appear in ''Guernica'' (illustrated to the right):
**A human skull is overlayed on the horse's body.
**A bull appears to gore the horse from underneath. The bull's head is formed mainly by the horse's entire front leg which has the knee on the ground. The leg's knee cap forms the head's nose.  A horn appears within the horse's breast.

*Under the horse is a dead, apparently dismembered soldier, his hand on a severed arm still grasps a shattered sword from which a flower grows.

*A light bulb blazes in the shape of an eye over the suffering horse's head.

*To the upper right of the horse, a frightened female figure, who seems to be witnessing the scenes before her, appears to have floated into the room through a window. Her arm, also floating in, carries a flame-lit lamp.

*From the right, an awe-struck woman staggers towards the center below the floating female figure. She looks up blankly into the blazing light bulb. 

*Daggers that suggest screaming replace the tongues of the bull, grieving woman, and horse.

*A bird, possibly a duck, stands on a shelf behind the bull in panic.

*On the far right, a figure with arms raised in terror is entrapped by fire from above and below.

*A dark wall with an open door defines the right end of the mural.

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<!-- <nowiki>{{Painting| image_file=PicassoGuernica.jpg
| title=Guernica
| artist=[[Pablo Picasso]]
| year=[[1937]]
| type=[[Oil painting|Oil on canvas]]
| height=349
| width=776
| height_inch=137.4
| width_inch =305.5 
| city=[[Madrid]]
| museum=[[Museo Reina Sofia]]}}</nowiki> -->
<!-- <nowiki>

During the 1970s, it was a symbol for Spaniards of both the end of the Franco regime and of [[Basque nationalism]].
The [[Basque National Liberation Movement|Basque left]] has repeatedly used imagery from the picture.
[[Fil:GuernicaGernikara.jpg|right|200px|thumb|A tiled wall in Gernika claims ''"Guernica" Gernikara'', "The Guernica (painting) to Gernika."]]In 1992 the painting  was moved from the [[Museo del Prado]] to the [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía]], both in [[Madrid]], along with about two dozen preparatory works. This action was controversial in Spain, since Picasso's will stated that the painting should be displayed at the Prado.
However, the move was part of a transfer of all of the Prado's collections of art after the early [[19th century]] to other nearby buildings in the city for reasons of space; the Reina Sofía, which houses the capital's national collection of [[20th century]] art, was the  natural place to move it. A special gallery was built at the Reina Sofía to display Picasso's masterpiece to best advantage. 

When first displayed in Spain, the painting was placed at ''El Casón del Buen Retiro'', an annex to the Prado that housed early nineteenth century paintings but had a large enough wall.
It was kept behind bullet-proof glass and guarded with [[machine gun]]s. However, since that time there has never been any attempted vandalism or other security threat to the painting. In its present gallery, the painting has roughly the same protection as any other work at the Reina Sofía.<ref name="Martin">[http://www.picassoswar.com/interview.html Author interview] on Russell Martin's ''Picasso's War'' site. Accessed 16 July 2006.</ref>

[[Basque nationalism|Basque nationalists]] have advocated that the picture should be brought to the Basque country, especially after the building of the [[Guggenheim Bilbao Museum]]. Officials at the Reina Sofía claim that the huge canvas is now thought to be too fragile to move. Even the staff of the Guggenheim do not see a permanent transfer of the painting as possible, although the Basque government continues to support the possibility of a temporary exhibition in [[Bilbao]].<ref name="Martin" />

== ''Guernica'' at the United Nations ==
A [[tapestry]] copy of Picasso's ''Guernica'' is displayed on the wall of the [[United Nations]] building in [[New York City]], at the entrance to the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] room. It was placed there as a reminder of the horrors of war. Commissioned and donated by [[Nelson Rockefeller]], it is not quite as monochromatic as the original, using several shades of brown. On February 5, 2003 a large blue curtain was placed to cover this work, so that it would not be visible in the background when Colin Powell and John Negroponte gave press conferences at the United Nations. On the following day, it was claimed that the curtain was placed there at the request of television news crews, who had complained that the wild lines and screaming figures made for a bad backdrop, and that a horse's hindquarters appeared just above the faces of any speakers. Diplomats, however, told journalists that the Bush Administration pressured UN officials to cover the tapestry, rather than have it in the background while Powell or other U.S. diplomats argued for war on Iraq.<ref>David Cohen, [http://www.slate.com/id/2078242/ Hidden Treasures: What's so controversial about Picasso's Guernica?], ''Slate'', February 6, 2003. Accessed 16 July 2006.</ref></nowiki> -->